前列腺癌治疗手段有哪些?

印度代购科普：前列腺癌治疗手段有哪些?

对于早期前列腺癌患者可采用根治性治疗方法，能够治愈早期前列腺癌的方法有放射性粒子植入、根治性前列腺切除术、根治性外放射治疗。

For patients with early prostate cancer, radical treatment can be adopted. The methods to cure early prostate cancer include radioactive particle implantation, radical prostatectomy and radical external radiotherapy.

　　放射性粒子植入的适应证应满足以下3个条件：①PSA<10ng/ml;②Gleason评分为2～6;③临床分期为T1～T2a期。

　　根治性前列腺切除术的适应证应满足以下4个条件：①PSA<10～20ng/ml;②Gleason评分≤7;③临床分期T1～T2c;④预期寿命≥10年的患者。

　　根治性放疗适合于局限性前列腺癌患者。主要采用三维适形放疗和调强适形放疗等技术。此外，外放射治疗还可用于根治性前列腺切除术后病理为pT3～4、精囊受侵、切缘阳性或术后PSA持续升高患者的辅助性治疗;也可用于晚期或转移性前列腺癌患者的姑息性治疗。

　　对于中期前列腺癌患者应采用综合治疗方法，如手术+放疗、内分泌治疗+放疗等。

　　对激素敏感型晚期前列腺癌患者以内分泌治疗为主，内分泌治疗的方法包括去势(手术去势或药物去势)和抗雄激素治疗(比卡鲁胺或氟他胺)或去势+抗雄激素治疗。手术去势或药物去势的疗效基本相同。但几乎所有患者最终都会发展为激素非依赖性前列腺癌或激素抵抗性前列腺癌。对去势抵抗性前列腺癌患者可采用二线内分泌治疗或新型内分泌治疗药物(阿比特龙、恩杂鲁胺等)。对激素抵抗性前列腺癌患者应持续保持去势状态，同时采用以多烯紫杉醇、米托蒽醌为基础的化疗。对于有骨转移的前列腺癌患者应联合骨保护剂(主要是双膦酸盐类药物)治疗，预防和降低骨相关事件、缓解骨痛、提高生活质量、提高生存率。体外放射治疗或放射性核素也可改善局部骨痛。

　　根据美国的研究发现利用PSA筛查前列腺癌存在过度诊断和过度治疗的问题。为了改善此状况，2010年美国国家综合癌症网络制定的《前列腺癌临床实践指南》中首次将严密观察而不是采取“积极治疗”作为经前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌患者的选项之一。要求医生跟患者充分说明严密随访的危险和过度治疗的危害，由患者做出决定。可进行严密随访患者的基本条件是①活检病理检查显示为低危前列腺癌患者(T1～T2a期肿瘤，Gleason评分2～6分，PSA<10ng/ml。且预期寿命少于10年的患者;②极低危前列腺癌患者(T1a期肿瘤、Gleason评分≤6分、PSA<10ng/ml、穿刺活检<3针阳性切每针的癌组织≤50%、PSA密度<0.15ng/ml·g。且预期寿命少于20年的患者。严密观察方案是每6个月检查1次PSA，每12个月做1次直肠指诊。第1次前列腺穿刺活检后，特别是对于初次穿刺活检≥10针阳性的患者，应在18个月内再次穿刺活检。此外，应该对低危、且预期寿命大于10年的患者进行重复穿刺活检，频率大约为每12个月一次。严密观察期间如发现疾病有进展倾向应采取相应的治疗方法。

According to American studies, PSA screening for prostate cancer has been found to be overdiagnosed and overtreated. To improve the situation, the 2010 National Comprehensive Cancer Network's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prostate Cancer for the first time included close observation rather than "aggressive treatment" as an option for men diagnosed with prostate cancer by needle biopsy. Require doctors to fully explain to patients the dangers of close follow-up and the dangers of overtreatment, and let patients make the decision. The basic conditions that can be closely followed up are: ① patients with low-risk prostate cancer (stage t1-t2a tumor, Gleason score 2-6, PSA<10ng/ml). Patients with a life expectancy of less than 10 years; ② Patients with very low risk prostate cancer (T1a tumor, Gleason score ≤6, PSA<10ng/ml, biopsy <3 positive needle for each biopsy ≤50%, PSA density <0.15ng/ mL ·g). Patients with a life expectancy of less than 20 years. The protocol of close observation is PSA every 6 months and digital rectal examination every 12 months. After the first prostate biopsy, repeat biopsy should be performed within 18 months, especially in patients with ≥10 positive initial biopsy. In addition, repeated needle biopsies should be performed approximately every 12 months in low-risk patients with a life expectancy greater than 10 years. If the disease has a tendency to progress during close observation, appropriate treatment should be taken.